Lisening skills are paramount to social work Essay Example

Lisening skills are paramount to social work Essay Describe, demonstrate and analyse how listening skills are central to effective communication in social work practice. It is expected that you include your learning from all the role plays reflecting on feedback from the service users/peers and tutors. The following essay intends to describe, demonstrate and analyse the above statement, it will do this by giving definitions and analysis of the communication process, and it will also look at the importance of listening, meaning and interpretation. Also incorporated will be power indifferences within communication as will ethical issues and the use of anti-oppressive practices surrounding communication and social work practice. The essay will incorporate service uses feedback and knowledge gained in communication module classes throughout. To understand communication this essay will first describe the process through a commonly used simple communication model, with its basic elements, the communication source, the encoder, the message, the channel, the decoder, and the communication receiver. [Berlo:1960] a simple model of communication from Shannon and weavers, known as the process school of communication. Their model involved three elements, the transmitter, the person starting the communication process, and in between both of these the noise, any factors that interfere or undermine the communication taking place, this point was raised during service uses feedback in seminars, during a role to play a social worker was fidgeting, this was distracting and a phone rang, this is known as background noise. We will write a custom essay sample on Lisening skills are paramount to social work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lisening skills are paramount to social work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lisening skills are paramount to social work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally there is the receiver, the person being communicated with. The communication process involves five major elements, the message, the transmission medium, the receiver and the feedback. The message is not the only information sent, it also includes emotions, which is what gives the words meaning, as words do not establish the full meaning or message being sent as interpretation plays a part in understanding meaning. There are three fundamental elements in interpretation, which are, the setting, the service user and the agency. It is my understanding that the relationship of the three elements of interpretation will define what interpretation is, and its importance in reaching the correct interpretation. (Gregory Bateson), anthropologist, stated that every communication sends two messages in unison with the basic message, this is called the Meta message, which is encoded and overlap on to the basic message. This indicates how the message is wished to be received, by using certain words, tone of voice (ect). Communication is a social interaction through messages, however it is a very complex multilevel event, one of Batesons theories on Meta messages, states that communication involves the communication of a relationship. How language is used, the words, tone, delivery of speech and facial expressions, can dramatically influence the way a person interprets the message. Meaning refers to the intention of a speaker to have some effect on the listener, which must be combined with proper conventions which communication realise the intended meaning, (to make clear). There are three major dimensions of meaning: 1. The evaluative dimension, in which receivers express the degree of favourable, or unfavourable ness towards the words. Evaluative scales include, good/bad, valuable/worthless, fair/unfair and honest/dishonest. 2. An activity dimension, is the one which expresses the perceptions of a receiver towards the amount of movement or activity in an object or event. Activity scales include, active/passive, fast/slow, vibrant/still, dynamic/static and varied/repetitive. The potency dimension, which represents the feelings of strength and weakness, that perceived by an individual. Potency scales include, serious/humorous, potent/impotent, strong/weak, heavy/light and hard and soft. [Saeed:215: 1994] These connotative meanings do not mean that people have the same evaluative meanings for words, but they tend to use the same time dimensions to judge words. meaning can refer to interpretation. When dealing with meaning and interpretation with children, they can appear to contradict themselves with the use of language that adults use. This is because they tend to take the adults questions in literal terms, in the feedback from the service users, it was pointed out that asking children how they feel is usually avoided as children have different perceptions of what feel means to adults and it can be a confusing question It also states in a guide interviewing children, that sentence structure is an important factor to consider, it is sometimes assumed that if a child knows all the individual words in the sentence, they therefore understand the whole sentence.

Jupiter Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Jupiter Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Jupiter Jupiter , ktory je znami od staroveku, je pi atou planetou vporadi od Slnka aprva azarove najvacsia zplynnych obrov. Je to najvacsia planeta slnecnej sustavy, bol teda pravom pomenovany po vladcovi rimskych bohov. Jupiter je asi 11-krat vacsi ako nasa Zem , a jeho hmotnos je 2,5-krat vacsia ako je hmotnos ostatnych planet dokopy. Na oblohe je pozorovateny po vacsinu roka ako vemi napadny objekt . Jupiter navstivilo uz 7 vyskumnych sond. Jeden obeh okolo Slnka trva Jupiteru takmer 12 rokov . Je to najrychlejsie rotujuca planeta. Jeden de na Jupiteri trva priblizne 10 hodin. Jupiter nema pevny povrch . Predpoklada sa, ze ma len male pevn e jadro, obklopene kvapalnym vnutornym plasom. Na povrchu Jupitera su pozorovatene roznofarebne pasy. Su to vlastne mraky, ktore vytvaraju pasy a zony a obiehaju Jupiter, kvoli jeho vysokej rotacnej rychlosti , rovnobezne srovnikom. Pasy su tmave, nizko leziace, horuce vrstvy mrakov. Zony su, naopak, jasne, vysoko polozene, chladnejsie vrstvy mrakov. Vo vnutri tychto oblakov sa vytvaraju obrovske burky. Najvacsou anajznamejsou burkou je Veka cervena skvrna, polozena na juznej pologuli Jupitera. Jupiter ma - zatia objavenych - 67 mesiacov . Najznamejsie mesiace su: Io , Europa, Kalist o a Ganymedes - tiez su zname ako Galileiho mesiace. Ma prstence - nie su tak dobre viditene ako pri napr. Saturne .

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nicotinic Acetylcholine - Essay Example Synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, a fraction of the subunits of this receptor assemble into homo and hetero-pentameric complexes. The only complexes that reach the cell surface, after exiting from endoplasmic reticulum are the pentameric complexes. nAChRs have been identified as crucial elements in central nervous system functions such as consciousness, attention, and memory; and participate in numerous cerebral circuits. (Bocquet, Carvalho, Cartaud, Neyton Poupon, Taly, Grutter, Changeux, Corringer 2007) The opening of the channels of these receptors is triggered by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Nicotine also has the same effect. A diagram of the chemical structure of acetylcholine is given below. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are located mainly in the postsynaptic membrane under the motor nerve terminal at the neuromuscular junction. Nicotinic receptors can also be found in different synaptic locations; e.g. the muscle nicotinic receptor always functions post-synaptically. The nerve cell forms of the receptor can be found both post-synaptically (performing classical neurotransmission) and pre-synaptically (causing the release of other neurotransmitters). In contrast to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors do not operate with the help of a second messenger. Instead they open themselves forming an ion channel. Curare causes inhibition of these receptors. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have a very wide distribution in the various body tissues. Nerve cell receptors are found in the central nervous system and also in the peripheral nervous system. The neuromuscular receptors, on the other hand are found in the neuromuscular junctions of somatic muscles. ... The neuromuscular receptors, on the other hand are found in the neuromuscular junctions of somatic muscles. The stimulation of these receptors causes muscular contraction.(Barrantes 1998) Structure and function of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein includes one or many sites which can bind the neurotransmitter ACh and also a specific channel for cat ions which is also known as the intrinsic cationic channel. These ions can be Na+, Ca2+ or K+ and the channel is specific in nature. The process of the opening of ion channel is linked to the binding of ACh. (Maelicke 1986) Protein chemistry and sequence analysis of polypeptide has revealed a general scheme for each subunit which consists of : 1. A globular extra cellular N-terminal domain (ECD); 2. A trans-membrane domain (TMD) 3. A cytoplasmic domain There are 2 to 5 Acetylcholine binding sites on the ECD. Nicotinic receptors have many subunits and these subunits belong There are 2 to 5 Acetylcholine binding sites on the ECD. Nicotinic receptors have many subunits and these subunits fit in a multigene family (seventeen members in the human being) When many of the subunits combine they form a great numbers of receptors. Every subunit gives three parts or "loops" to the site of binding. The sites which bind ACh are located on the outer side of the subunits. And as the agonist binds, the subunits happen to be more alike to the other subunits. And the channel gets more proportioned and a hole of about 0.65nm in diameter opens up. This channel helps the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to adhere to its role by many ways. Firstly it encloses a mechanism of gating which is closed in the inactive states of the channel but it is open in the active

Wireless Networks and Pervasive Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wireless Networks and Pervasive Computing - Essay Example This method has several advantages such as it is reliable, it is ordered, and it is heavy weight (Kozierok, 2005). It is reliable in that any message sent along it, arrives safely unless there is a problem with the connection. Also, when two messages are sent along a connection, the first message arrives first and ordered. However, if messages arrived in the wrong order, resend requests must be sent, which requires a lot of effort to put together. UDP is also a commonly used the message-based internet protocol that does not require any connection (Kozierok, 2005). According to Kozierok (2005), UDP is not be used to send crucial data like database information and web-pages, but for streaming video and audio. It is faster than TCP; hence, it is used in streaming media like real player, and Media audio files. Its speed is higher than that of TCP because it does not require any error correction or flow control. However, it is quite unreliable because the data sent along it is likely to be affected by errors and collision. Also, it is not ordered because messages sent can arrive in any order. Unlike the TCP, UDP is lightweight because it does not track its connections or order messages; hence, little effort is required to translate the data back from the packets (Reid and Lorenz, 2008). All computers, which are connected to the internet, must have an IP address. This is a unique number that is assigned to all computers as a means of recognizing a certain computer from others that are connected to the internet. When information is sent to a computer, it is accepted through the use of TCP/UDP ports. In is highly essential in business in order to ensure the data sent reaches its destination safe and in proper order. What happens is, when a computer program sends or receives data via the internet.

Econ Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Econ - Assignment Example Additionally, with a gold standard, the central bank could not apply monetary policy in order to stabilize the economy. More to this, the central bank could not raise the interest rates during inflation and lower them during recession, to stabilize the economy. There was a great deal of disagreements between the modern day Main Street and Wall Street over the central bank representation. There was a feeling among those in the Main Street, that the central bank would not be representative of the whole country, and would thus be a preserve of the moneyed few in New York and Philadelphia. For that reason, both the first and second attempts of creating a central bank failed. Thus, to address these failures, Woodrow Wilson advocated for the creation of 12 Federal Reserve banks located at major cities in the country, making the country end up with 12 regional banks (27). Paul Volcker’s method of fighting inflation in the 1970s involved the introduction of high interest rates, to slow the economy and fight inflation (46). According to him, to break the inflation cycle, then a credible and disciplined monetary policy had to be put in place. With such introduction of a credible monetary policy, the inflation rate fell significantly to 3-4%. The failures in regulations addressed in this lecture include the banks and other financial institutions failing to monitor and manage the risks they were taking under the issuance of house mortgages. Another failure in regulations was the dependency of the firms on short tern funding, such as the commercial paper. There were failures in regulations including supervision, such as the consumer protection. The stability of the financial system as a whole was not granted adequate attention. Prior to the crisis, the quality home loans were financed through the packaging of exotic and subprime mortgages into securities, by the financial institutions. Many of these securities were sold to investors,

Objectives of Standard Costing

Objectives of Standard Costing What is the definition of standard costing? Standard costing is the system of using standard costs. Standard costing involves using the predetermined costs/standard costs to compare with the actual to find the difference or variance. Variance can be adverse (actual result is worse than standard) or favorable (actual result is better than standard). An adverse variance tells management that if everything else stays constant the companys actual profit will be less than planned. Whereas, a favorable variance tells management that if everything else stays constant the actual profit will likely exceed the planned profit. What are the major objectives of standards costing? What are types of cost standards? The standard is the level of attainment accepted by management as the basis upon which standard costs are determined. There are four different standards to consider which are current standard, ideal standard, basic standard and normal standard. A current standard is a standard which is established for use over a short period of time and is related to current condition. It reflects the performance that should be attained during the current period. The period for current standard is normally one year. It is presumed that conditions of production will remain unchanged. In case there is any change in price or manufacturing condition, the standards are also revised. Current standard may be ideal standard and expected standard. However, ideal standard is the standard which represents a high level of efficiency. Ideal standard is fixed on the assumption that favorable conditions will prevail and management will be at its best. The price paid for materials will be lowest and wastes etc. will be minimum possible. The labor time for making the production will be minimum and rates of wages will also be low. The overheads expenses are also set with maximum efficiency in mind. All the conditions, both internal and external, should be favorable and only then ideal standard will be achieved. Ideal standard is fixed on the assumption of those conditions which may rarely exist. This standard is not practicable and may not be achieved. Though this standard may not be achieved, even then an effort is made. The deviation between targets and actual performance is ignorable. In practice, ideal standard has an adverse effect on the employees. They do not try to reach the standard because the standards are not considered realistic. Third standard which is basic standard may be defined as a standard which is established for use for an indefinite period which may a long period. Basic standard is established for a long period and is not adjusted to the preset conations. The same standard remains in force for a long period. These standards are revised only on the changes in specification of material and technology productions. It is indeed just like a number against which subsequent process changes can be measured. Basic standard enables the measurement of changes in costs. For example, if the basic cost for material is Rs. 20 per unit and the current price is Rs. 25 per unit, it will show an increase of 25% in the cost of materials. The changes in manufacturing costs can be measured by taking basic standard, as a base standard cannot serve as a tool for cost control purpose because the standard is not revised for a long time. The deviation between standard cost and actual cost cannot be used as a yardstick for measuring efficiency. The last one is normal standard. As per terminology, normal standard has been defined as a standard which, it is anticipated, can be attained over a future period of time, preferably long enough to cover one trade cycle. This standard is based on the conditions which will cover a future period of five years, concerning one trade cycle. If a normal cycle of ups and downs in sales and production is 10 years, then standard will be set on average sales and production which will cover all the years. The standard attempts to cover variance in the production from one time to another time. An average is taken from the periods of recession and depression. The normal standard concept is theoretical and cannot be used for cost control purpose. Normal standard can be properly applied for absorption of overhead cost over a long period of time. What are the advantages and disadvantages of standard costing system? Standard costing have several advantages. First advantage of standard costing is as a key element in a management by exception approach. If costs remain within the standards, managers can focus on other issues. When costs fall significantly outside the standards, managers are alerted that there may be problems requiring attention. This approach helps managers focus on important issues. Second advantage is standard costing is standards that are viewed as reasonable by employees can promote economy and efficiency. They provide benchmarks that individuals can use to judge their own performance. Besides that, standard costs can greatly simplify bookkeeping. Instead of recording actual costs for each job, the standard costs for materials, labor, and overhead can be charged to jobs. Last but not least, standard costs fit naturally in an integrated system of responsibility accounting. The standards establish what costs should be, who should be responsible for them, and what actual costs are under control. However, the use of standard costs can present a number of potential problems or disadvantages. Most of these problems result from improper use of standard costs and the management by exception principle or from using standard costs in situations in which they are not appropriate. Standard cost variance reports are usually prepared on a monthly basis and often are released days or even weeks after the end of the month. As a consequence, the information in the reports may be so stale that it is almost useless. Timely, frequent reports that are approximately correct are better than infrequent reports that are very precise but out of date by the time they are released. Some companies are now reporting variances and other key operating data daily or even more frequently. Besides that, if managers are insensitive and use variance reports as a club, morale may suffer. Employees should receive positive reinforcement for work well done. Management by exception, by its nature , tends to focus on the negative. If variances are used as a club, subordinates may be tempted to cover up unfavorable variances or take actions that are not in the best interest of the company to make sure the variances are favorable. For example, workers may put on a crash effort to increase output at the end of the month to avoid an unfavorable labor efficiency variance. In the rush to produce output quality may suffer. In some cases, a favorable variance can be as bad as or worse than an unfavorable variance. For example, McDonalds has a standard for the amount of hamburger meat that should be in a Big Mac. A favorable variance would mean that less meat was used than standard specifies. The result is a substandard Big Mac and possibly an unsatisfied customer. Another problem of using standard costing, there may be a tendency with standard cost reporting systems to emphasize meeting the standards to the exclusion of other important objectives such as maintaining and improving qua lity, on-time delivery, and customer satisfaction. This tendency can be reduced by using supplemental performance measures that focus on these other objectives. Just meeting standards may not be sufficient; continual improvement may be necessary to survive in the current competitive environment. For this reason, some companies focus on the trends in the standard cost variances aiming for continual improvement rather than just meeting the standards. In other companies, engineered standards are being replaced either by a rolling average of actual costs, which is expected to decline, or by very challenging target costs. In sum, managers should exercise considerable care in their use of a standard cost system. It is particularly important that managers go out of their way to focus on the positive, rather than just on the negative, and to be aware of possible unintended consequences. Nevertheless standard costs are still found in the vast majority of manufacturing companies and in many service companies, although their use is changing. For evaluating performance, standard cost variances may be supplanted in the future by a particularly interesting development known as the balanced scorecard. How standard costs are sets? Standards should be set for the quantities and prices of materials, labour and services to be consumed in performing each operation associated with a product. Product standard costs are derived by listing and adding the standard costs of operations required to produce a particular product. Two approaches are used or setting standard costs. First, past historical records can be used to estimate labour and material usage. Secondly, standards can be set based on engineering studies. With engineering studies a detailed study of each operation is unedertaken under controlled conditions, based on high levels of efficiency, to ascertain the quantities of labour and materials required. Target prices are then applied based on efficient purchasing to ascertain the standard costs. How a standard costing system operates? Standard costing is most suited to an organization whose activities consist of a series of repetitive operations and the input required to produce each unit of output can be specified. A standard costing system involves the following: The standard costs for the actul output are recorded for each operation for each responsibilty centre. Actual costs for each operation are traced to each responsibility centre. The standard and actual costs are compared. Variances are investigated and corrective action is taken where appropriate Standards are monitored and adjusted to reflect changes in standard usage and/or prices. Variances What is the main purpose of variance analysis? There are very few plans that turn out exactly as planned. Even when the overall objectives of the plan are achieved, some, if not all components of the performance will have varied from the sub-plans or standards that make up the overall picture. For example, a football team may win an important game, as planned, but within the team performance there may be many aspects that the manager will analyse during and after the match so that performance can be improved for next time. As in business, good points need to be encouraged, less positive aspects need to be discussed and corrected. In a game of football, a side may have won a high number of corner kicks, but conceded too many free-kicks in defending. There is little to be gained for the next match if we do not think about the last performance in detail. Variance analysis provides a framework for business managers to breakdown the overall performance of an organisation, so that each individual element of the business can be isolated and analysed in turn. What are the causes of labour, material, overhead, and sales margin variances? Quantities cost variances arise because the actual quantity of resources consumed exceed actual usage or vice versa. Examples include excess usage of materials and labour arising from the usage of interior materials, careless handling of materials and failure to maintain machinery in proper condition. Price variances arise when the actual prices paid for resources exceed the standard prices or else. Examples include the failure of the purchasing function to seek the most efficient sources of supply or the use of a different grade of labour to that incorporation in the standard costs. How to calculate material, labour, variable overhead, fixed overhead, and sales variances.

E-waste: Cathode Ray Tube and New Equipment

Electronic waste or e-waste is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. E-waste includes computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones and other items that have been discarded by their original users. E-waste is the inevitable by-product of a technological revolution. Driven primarily by faster, smaller and cheaper microchip technology, society is experiencing an evolution in the capability of electronic appliances and personal electronics. For all its benefits, innovation brings with it the byproduct of rapid obsolescence. According to the EPA, nationally, an estimated 5 to 7 million tons of computers, televisions, stereos, cell phones, electronic appliances and toys, and other electronic gadgets become obsolete every year. According to various reports, electronics comprise approximately 1 – 4 percent of the municipal solid waste stream. The electronic waste problem will continue to grow at an accelerated rate. Electronic, or e-waste, refers to electro nic products being discarded by consumers.Introduction of E-Waste†¢ E-waste is the most rapidly growing waste problem in the world. †¢ It is a crisis of not quantity alone but also a crisis born from toxics ingredients, posing a threat to the occupational health as well as the environment. †¢ Rapid technology change, low initial cost, high obsolescence rate have resulted in a fast growing problem around the globe. †¢ Legal framework, proper collection system missing.†¢ Imports regularly coming to the recycling markets. †¢ Inhuman working conditions for recycling. †¢ Between 1997 and 2007, nearly 500 million personal computers became obsolete-almost two computers for each person. †¢ 750,000 computers expected to end up in landfills this year alone. †¢ In 2005, 42 million computers were discarded†¢ 25 million in storage †¢ 4 million recycled †¢ 13 million land filled †¢ 0.5 million incineratedIT and telecom are two faste st growing industries in the country. †¢ India, by 2008, should achieve a PC penetration of 65 per 1,000 from the existing 14 per 1,000 (MAIT) †¢ At present, India has 15 million computers. The target being 75 million computers by 2010. †¢ Over 2 million old PCs ready for disposal in India.†¢ Life of a computer reduced from 7 years to 3-5 years. †¢ E-Waste: Growth Over 75 million current mobile users, expected to increase to 200 million by 2007 end. †¢ Memory devices, MP3 players, iPods etc. are the newer additions. †¢ Preliminary estimates suggest that total WEEE generation in India is approximately 1, 46,000 tonnes per year. E-waste: It's implications :†¢ Electronic products often contain hazardous and toxic materials that pose environmental risks if they are land filled or incinerated . †¢ Televisions, video and computer monitors use cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which have significant amounts of lead. †¢ Printed circuit boards contai n primarily plastic and copper , and most have small amounts of chromium, lead solder, nickel, and zinc. †¢ In addition, many electronic products have batteries that often contain nickel, cadmium, and other heavy metals . Relays and switches in electronics, especially older ones, may contain mercury. †¢ Also , capacitors in some types of older and larger equipment that is now entering the waste stream may contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) .You can reduce the environmental impact of your E-Waste by making changes in your buying habits, looking for ways to reuse including donating or recycling. Preventing waste to begin with is the preferred waste management option.Consider, for example, upgrading or repairing instead of buying new equipment to extend the life of your current equipment and perhaps save money. If you must buy new equipment, consider donating your still working, unwanted electronic equipment. This reuse extends the life of the products and allows non-pr ofits, churches, schools and community organizations to have equipment they otherwise may not be able to afford. In South Carolina, for example, Habitat for Humanity Resale Stores, Goodwill and other similar organizations may accept working computers. When buying new equipment, check with the retailer or manufacturer to see if they have a â€Å"take-back program†Ã‚  that allows consumers to return old equipment when buying new equipment. Dell Computers, for example, became the first manufacturer to set up a program to take back any of its products anywhere in the world at no charge to the consumer. And, when buying, consider products with longer warranties as an indication of long-term quality. E-waste: Cathode Ray Tube and New Equipment Electronic waste or e-waste is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. E-waste includes computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones and other items that have been discarded by their original users. E-waste is the inevitable by-product of a technological revolution. Driven primarily by faster, smaller and cheaper microchip technology, society is experiencing an evolution in the capability of electronic appliances and personal electronics.For all its benefits, innovation brings with it the byproduct of rapid obsolescence. According to the EPA, nationally, an estimated 5 to 7 million tons of computers, televisions, stereos, cell phones, electronic appliances and toys, and other electronic gadgets become obsolete every year. According to various reports, electronics comprise approximately 1 – 4 percent of the municipal solid waste stream. The electronic waste problem will continue to grow at an accelerated rate. Electronic, or e-waste, refers to electron ic products being discarded by consumers. Introduction of E-Waste†¢ E-waste is the most rapidly growing waste problem in the world. †¢ It is a crisis of not quantity alone but also a crisis born from toxics ingredients, posing a threat to the occupational health as well as the environment. †¢ Rapid technology change, low initial cost, high obsolescence rate have resulted in a fast growing problem around the globe. †¢ Legal framework, proper collection system missing.†¢ Imports regularly coming to the recycling markets. †¢ Inhuman working conditions for recycling. †¢ Between 1997 and 2007, nearly 500 million personal computers became obsolete-almost two computers for each person. †¢ 750,000 computers expected to end up in landfills this year alone. †¢ In 2005, 42 million computers were discarded†¢ 25 million in storage †¢ 4 million recycled †¢ 13 million land filled †¢ 0.5 million incineratedIT and telecom are two faste st growing industries in the country. †¢ India, by 2008, should achieve a PC penetration of 65 per 1,000 from the existing 14 per 1,000 (MAIT) †¢ At present, India has 15 million computers. The target being 75 million computers by 2010. †¢ Over 2 million old PCs ready for disposal in India.†¢ Life of a computer reduced from 7 years to 3-5 years. †¢ E-Waste: Growth Over 75 million current mobile users, expected to increase to 200 million by 2007 end. †¢ Memory devices, MP3 players, iPods etc. are the newer additions. †¢ Preliminary estimates suggest that total WEEE generation in India is approximately 1, 46,000 tonnes per year. E-waste: It's implications :†¢ Electronic products often contain hazardous and toxic materials that pose environmental risks if they are land filled or incinerated . †¢ Televisions, video and computer monitors use cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which have significant amounts of lead. †¢ Printed circuit boards contai n primarily plastic and copper , and most have small amounts of chromium, lead solder, nickel, and zinc. †¢ In addition, many electronic products have batteries that often contain nickel, cadmium, and other heavy metals . Relays and switches in electronics, especially older ones, may contain mercury. †¢ Also , capacitors in some types of older and larger equipment that is now entering the waste stream may contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).You can reduce the environmental impact of your E-Waste by making changes in your buying habits, looking for ways to reuse including donating or recycling. Preventing waste to begin with is the preferred waste management option. Consider, for example, upgrading or repairing instead of buying new equipment to extend the life of your current equipment and perhaps save money. If you must buy new equipment, consider donating your still working, unwanted electronic equipment. This reuse extends the life of the products and allows non-pr ofits, churches, schools and community organizations to have equipment they otherwise may not be able to afford.In South Carolina, for example, Habitat for Humanity Resale Stores, Goodwill and other similar organizations may accept working computers. When buying new equipment, check with the retailer or manufacturer to see if they have a â€Å"take-back program†Ã‚  that allows consumers to return old equipment when buying new equipment. Dell Computers, for example, became the first manufacturer to set up a program to take back any of its products anywhere in the world at no charge to the consumer. And, when buying, consider products with longer warranties as an indication of long-term quality.

Cheating and Lying Can Sometimes Be Helpful

Cheating is a combination of lying and stealing. When you cheat, you are misleading others in one way or another, and that’s lying. Often, cheating also involves taking information or ideas that really belong to someone else. A basic definition of lying, according to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, is â€Å"speaking falsehood with the intention of deceiving. † There’s also a second type of lying. When you hold back information that you know is necessary for another person to get a true picture of the situation, you are also intentionally deceiving. Cheating and lying sometimes can be helpful†¦ hmm maybe†¦ Cheating and lying in the most of the cases are bad thing, it isn’t good to lye someone, before that we should think how we would feel if someone lies us. And with the cheating, the same. But when you have some need you don’t think about the others. Cheating on test -one of the things that everyone do it at least once. We all want good grades and we don’t see as bad thing the cheating on test. Cheating in relationship- that’s bad, that is bad feeling and it’s not helpful. There are many kinds of cheating and for everyone there is at least one way of cheating that is helpful. Lying- lying to your parents, maybe sometimes helpful, but bad if they found out; lying to your friends if they are really your best friends you don’t have to lie them. Lying is always for some benefit, for own benefit, or for someone other†¦ and when that help us to get something or to avoid something we think that is helpful. But the lying and the cheating aren’t things we should proud with them and use very often.

Our Three Branches of Government essays

Our Three Branches of Government essays Governmental power and functions in the United States rest in three branches of government: the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive. In this system of a "separation of powers" each branch operates independently of the others. However, there are built in checks and balances to prevent overbearing concentration of power in any one branch and to protect the rights and liberties of citizens. Articles One, Two, and Three of the Constitution, define the powers that the Legislative, Executive and the Judicial Branchs oversee. The Legislative Branch is the first area that we will look at. The Congress of the United States was created by Article I, of the Constitution. ``All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.'' The most important responsibility of Congress is that of making the laws of the United States. In both houses, standing committees do the work of preparing and considering legislation, and in addition, there are special committees in each house, as well as joint committees. The two houses have an equal voice in legislation, but revenue bills must originate in the House of Representatives. Bills, after having been passed by each house separately, must be signed by the President within 10 days of their submission or they become law automatically, unless Congress is not in session. If vetoed by the President, a bill may become law only by a vote of a two-thirds majority in each house. Only the House of Representatives may impeach the President or other federal officers and the Senate alone has the authority to try impeachments, but each house is the moderator of the qualifications of its own members. The Senate must ratify all treaties by a two-thirds vote and confirm important presidential appointments to office, including cabinet members, judges of federal courts, and high-ranking officers of the ar...

Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned Essays

Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned Essays Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned Essay Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned Essay Smoking has always been a big tradition among adults. As time passes it is becoming a object that teenagers use for social stability. It is not popular to the teenagers to smoke alone. They need the gratification of other people seeing them smoke. This factor leads them to smoke in public places. They don’t take in consideration how it will affect the other people in their area. I disagree strongly with people smoking in public places. One of many reasons I disagree with public smoking is the health of the people around the smoker. People will light a cigarette anywhere not thinking about how it could affect individuals around the smoker. Many people have very strong allergies toward cigarette smoke. Second hand smoke impacts some people’s health severely. There are cases where a person had difficulty breathing due to someone smoking in a restaurant where the victim was eating. The odor left behind from a smoker is a smell that cannot be changed. The smoke leaves a sticky residue that is nasty. Letting people smoke in restaurants actually downgrades the class of a restaurant. Ashes are another contributing factor that makes smoking in a public place wrong. No one wants to set down and look at the light in a restaurant and see smoke and ashes floating around the food bar and all the other people in the restaurant. Many people will not eat in a restaurant where they allow smoking. Smoking is a habit that should be put out of our everyday life. It is an unnecessary part of culture that has destroyed the health of many young adults. Smoking should be banned from every public place. There should be no designated smoking area in a restaurant, or any other public facility. Pollution is another big issue. Smoking is a cause and form of pollution. There is a lot of research that shows many kinds of gases that are released by smoking are harmful for the environment, such as tar and carbon dioxide. Everyone knows that now the environment is getting worse and worse. Everyone needs to do their part and stop smoking. I want to say there are no reasons left to permit smoking in public places. I think that maybe this is the time for people to quit smoking. Smoking hurts everyone not just the smoker. It has worsened the lives of many people for ever. Banning smoking is not just for us, but for everyone who has to live in this world after us.

Refer to assignment criteria Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Refer to assignment criteria - Case Study Example It was not until the 1940s that English law tolerated the possibility of corporations committing all types of offences. For these, a much more limited doctrine was developed. Known variously as 'direct', 'identification' or 'alter ego' liability, it sought to overcome the objection that an unnatural person such as a company was incapable of forming an intention or being reckless. It opened up the possibility of corporations being liable for the whole range of mainstream offences, including fraud and manslaughter. The notion of identification was brought into play under which the wrongdoing of certain senior officers - natural persons - in the corporation was identified with the corporation itself - the unnatural person. Their acts and accompanying guilty minds, on this version of liability, were those of the company - they acted as the company and sometimes on behalf of the company. Thus, as a juristic person, a corporation itself was capable of committing almost any criminal offence , so long as a director or equivalent had authorized it. It is not necessary actually to prosecute a director or officer in order to find the company itself liable. It should be sufficient that there is evidence against the director or officer. ... However, in practice such an action is rarely brought. Of more practical significance is the potential for growth in the use of what are known as directors' liability clauses, which are common in regulatory legislation and are increasingly demanded to satisfy European harmonization. Such legislation often has provided specifically that where the offence is committed by a corporate body with the consent, involvement of, or is attributable to the neglect of any director, secretary or similar officer, they as well as the corporation shall be guilty and liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly. Prosecutions under these provisions were likely to increase and finally after suffering through an era of financial cutbacks in the early 1980's, many regulatory agencies learned lessons. As a matter of public policy, law does not allow insuring against Criminal penalties. The Companies Acts do, however, permit companies to cover the costs of civil claims and the costs of a successful defence of a criminal action. (Celia Wells) Changing Legal Attitudes The confusion of the English law resulted in changing legal attitudes to corporate criminal behaviour. As English law takes two different routes to find corporation guilty of an offence. For regulatory offences, the vicarious principle has always been used while for mainstream offences; the much more restrictive identification doctrine was invoked. Under this, only when directors of senior officers were, or should have been aware, of safety shortcuts will liability be possible. It was not until the House of Lords' decision in Tesco v Nattrass in 19711 that serious consideration was

Stateless nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stateless nation - Essay Example In essence, the Catalonia community has a similar surface area and population as Switzerland. The nation’s history is ancient with Phoenicians, Romans, and Greeks all leaving a mark on the community. The nation was united with Castile in the 15th century through marriage of the two communities’ royal families, although the union resulted in a confederate state that had different languages, laws, and parliaments. The Catalonia community has been involved in various wars over the centuries, losing the Harvester War in 1640, which forced it to give up part of its northern territory to France, as well as the 18th century’s Spanish Succession War that they lost and lost their institutions and right to use their language in official channels (Payne 29). The state structure of Catalonia was ended, and assimilation with Spain began until the 20th century. However, their national conscience was re-awakened in the early 20th century as Europe found itself in a wave of nati onalism (Payne 30). While it started as a movement focused on the Catalan culture and their literary and political richness, the re-awakening soon became a regionalist movement that sought increased autonomy from Spain. Prior to the Spanish Civil War of the mid to late 1930s, Catalonia was, at various times, self-ruled, and they twice proclaimed a Catalan Republic. The victory of General Franco at the end of the decade, however, began what is one of the Catalonia nation’s darkest periods. It is essential to understand the dictatorship of General Franco, in order to understand modern Catalonia. Although Franco’s regime was harsh on majority of Spaniards, Catalonia suffered what can only be described as an attempt to annihilate them systematically and cruelly. It was during this period that their cultural rights were repressed collectively and individually, including banning of the Catalan language, punishment for any expression of their culture, and public officials pub licly denying regarding their identity (Payne 30). Democracy, which was institutionalized in 1975, started a period of recuperation for the language, culture, and institutions of the Catalonia. At present, the nation is enjoying self-governance at a level that was only possible during the advent of the Bourbon Dynasty some three hundred years ago (Alba 23). Substantial responsibilities have been placed in an autonomous Catalan parliament and government, especially in fields like policing, healthcare, culture, and education. Spain, therefore, after Belgium and Germany, is the EU’s most decentralized state, consisting of Catalonia, Navarre, and Basque. To understand the identity of Catalonia, their language is vital. Surviving over three hundred years of repression has not dulled their literary scene with over 8 million people still using the Catalan language across all societal levels. The language is used in Valencia, Catalonia, Balearic Islands, Andorra, Aragon, Southern Fra nce, and Alguer in Italy. In fact, the language is more popular than some languages with official status in the EU, such as Maltese, Lithuanian, Danish, Slovenian, Slovak, and Finnish. However, the language is not recognized by national institutions in Spain and the EU, despite the prevalence of magazines, newspapers, and TV and radio channels in Catalan (Alba 24). Still, the language is weaker in the Spanish bi-lingual society and continues to face numerous threats. Catalonia, apart from its tradition of literature, has also